History of the Jockey Club of Canada - by Wally Wood

 

E.P. Taylor and the Beginnings of The Jockey Club of Canada

The Jockey Club of Canada was given he imprimatur of E.P. Taylor, a mark of distinction from a man of distinction. The Jockey Club of Canada -- Le Club Jockey du Canada had its Letters Patent recorded by the Federal Government on October 23, 1973. Four days later, it had its board of stewards: E.P. Taylor,Edward Plunket Taylor Colonel Charles (Bud) Baker, George C. Hendrie, Richard A.N. Bonnycastle, George C. Frostad, C.J. (Jack) Jackson, and J.E. Frowde Seagram. E.P. Taylor was elected the J.C.C.’s chairman of the board: also known as chief steward.

Taylor’s signature was the mark of the man: clear, edged, regal. It was wrought by a man of purpose.

Taylor was a marker in Canadian racing, a sport which started probably three centuries ago in what is now Canada. Horse racing in the days of the early settlers to the northern part of the North American continent "took place on straight and level stretches of the public highway", says one history of Canada. "As a rule, these races were made by two owners to decide the respective merits of their horses."

Edward Plunket Taylor, who died in 1989, at the age of 88, had stood like a colossus over the Canadian thoroughbred horse racing scene for decades, and was a world figure in both racing and breeding. He was also a high-profile Canadian industrialist. A 1966 New York Times story about Taylor was headed: He Doesn’t Really Own Canada. Taylor had entrepreneurial flair. He was involved in a multitude of things, from taxicabs to beer to bakeries, and was under the umbrella of the Argus Corporation, a holding company which had an interest in mines, forest products, chemical and packaging products, supermarkets, agricultural machines, insurance and broadcasting.

During World War II, Taylor had been a ‘one dollar a year man’, working for the Allies war effort, and was made the head of the British Supply Council, at the express request of Winston Churchill, co-ordinating purchases from North America by Britain. In 1946, he was created a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George.

As a horseman, ‘Eddie’ Taylor was the architect of first class Canadian racing and breeding, was the first Canadian to be made a member of The Jockey Club, in the United States, in 1953, was the first Canadian to be elected president of the Thoroughbred Racing Associations, in North America, in 1964, was given an Eclipse Award, pre-eminent in the United States as the outstanding breeder on the continent in 1977 and in 1983, and as North America racing’s Man of the Year in 1973, the year that the famed Secretariat ended his illustrious career in winning the Canadian International Championship Stakes at metropolitan Toronto’s Woodbine racetrack.

More than honors, Taylor, his Windfields Farm and his son, Charles, bred more stakes winners (356), more champions (45), more winners (10,500-plus) than any other person or farm in the history of thoroughbreds. The horses they bred won about a million in purses.

Taylor topped the list of breeders in North America in races won from 1960 to 1969 and from 1977 to 1985, and was the top breeder in money won on the continent nine times, from 1974 to 1980, and in 1983 and 1985.

The breeder of Northern Dancer, Nijinsky, and a host of other superlative horses, Taylor was admired and respected internationally, and was instrumental in heightening the profile of the Canadian-bred racehorse, but he was also the architect and saviour of good racing in Ontario.

In 1947, Taylor started to acquire racing charters in Ontario, charters that allowed racing to be staged at a particular location, with a view to ameliorating the racing situation in the province and to operate racing at upgraded tracks. "We consolidated the seven racetracks in southern Ontario into three thoroughbred tracks, improving the facilities at two tracks (Fort Erie and Old Woodbine/Greenwood), and building a new track, Woodbine," said Taylor. "Racing in the province used to mean ramshackle grandstands, bad stables, poor facilities for the public and a generally inferior production," he said. Woodbine was opened in the north-west part of what would become metropolitan Toronto in 1956. Taylor, who was the visionary in the Ontario Jockey Club, pointed out that the O.J.C. also operated standardbred racing at three locations in the province, and that the O.J.C. had the largest horse racing operation in North America, in that it had thoroughbred or standardbred racing virtually every day of the year.

Taylor had been intrigued by racing when he was a student at Montreal’s McGill University, was a weekend rider with the Royal Canadian Dragoons in Ottawa, and hacked in Toronto, but his sustained interest in horse racing came from a successful brush with it in 1936.

"Jim Cosgrove, of Cosgrove Brewery, and I timidly thought of buying horses," Taylor recounted. "The Depression was over and business was looking up. We contacted the secretary of the Ontario Jockey Club, Palmer Wright, and he put us in touch with (trainer) Bert Alexandra. We’d got together $6,500 to get some horses. Bert asked us if we could make it $8,000. We got six horses, and everyone of them won. Madfast won his first start. Nandi, eventually the dam of Windfields, was another of the group. And, we did well. In 1936, we won 32 races and $20,335, in 1937 we won 75 races and $53,182, and in 1938, we won 84 races and $70,482, the 20 th leading money-winning stable in North America. We got progressively more successful."

After World War II, Taylor started to race on his own. Bert Alexandra sent out Taylor’s Epic to win the King’s Plate Stakes at Toronto’s now defunct Woodbine Park (re-named Old Woodbine and thenGreenwood) in 1949. The King’s Plate or Queen’s Plate, depending on the gender of the British monarch, is the oldest annual stakes race in North America, having had its first running in 1860. Taylor won the King’s (Queen’s) Plate in Ontario 11 times, under his own name or that of his nom de course, Windfields Farm. Taylor bred 22 winners of the Plate.

Frank Merrill and Lou Cavalaris, who were both highly successful trainers in Canada and were made members of Canada’s Horse Racing Hallof Fame, see Taylor as the catalyst that has made Canadian racing a recognized player on the world scene. Merrill, the top race-winning trainer in North America in 1955 , 1958 and 1960, said, in deliberate overstatement: "Without Mr. Taylor, Canadian racing would not be!" He went on to say: "He not only built the racetracks themselves, he also bred world-class horses." Cavalaris, the top race winning trainer on the continent in 1966, said: "There really are not words, or there isn’t enough time, to say what Mr. Taylor did for Canadian racing. But, he did everything right, at the right time."

Taylor retired as chairman of the board of the Ontario Jockey Club in 1973, the dynamic year of Secretariat, but later that year became chairman and chief steward of The Jockey Club of Canada, an association then of 25 men dedicated to maintaining the high standards and traditions of Canadian racing.

"We’ve never had a national Jockey Club before," Taylor said, at the time. "We felt it was important to Canadian racing to have this kind of organization which could address itself to the important racing issues of the day." Taylor said that the J.C.C. would be a voice at international racing conferences on both sides of the Atlantic, and elsewhere; that it would act in concert with the National Association of Canadian Race Tracks Inc. (now the Racetracks of Canada, Inc.) on subjects such as controlled medication, the identification of horses, blood typing, artificial insemination, international weights, emphasis on distance racing, and an international passport for horses.

The Jockey Club in England came into being in the 1730s, to institute rules of racing and to keep records. The Jockey Club in the UnitedStates replaced the Board of Control in 1894, to lessen the grip on racing by racetracks, to establish rules of racing, set racing dates, publish official records, take over the American Stud Book, implement insurance for racetrack personnel, and to oversee the sport and business of thoroughbred racing in the U.S. generally.

At the outset of The Jockey Club of Canada, E.P. Taylor stressed that the J.C.C. should be a vigorous, pro-active organization, taking the sport/industry to the highest plane, and to be on the same level as The Jockey Club in England and The Jockey Club in the United States.

The first members of The Jockey Club of Canada, in 1973, were: Colonel Charles (Bud) Baker, Douglas Banks, Warren Beasley, Charles F.W. Burns, Harry J. Carmichael, George C. Frostad, George R. Gardiner, Brigadier General W. Preston Gilbride, George C. Hendrie, John A. (Bud) McDougald, J.E. Frowde Seagram, Frank H. Sherman, Conn Smythe, Donald G. (Bud) Willmot and E.P. Taylor, all of Ontario; The Honourable Viscount Hardinge, Charles John ( Jack) Jackson, Sydney J. (Jim) Langill, and Jean-Louis Levesque, all of Quebec; Arthur B. Christopher and Frank M. McMahon, both of British Columbia; and Richard A.N. ( Dick) Bonnycastle, of Alberta.

While the august bodies of The Jockey Club in England and The Jockey Club in the United States have stature and staff, The Jockey Clubof Canada has been largely operated by one executive director/ secretary: from Don Valliere, to Nigel Wallace, to Gary Loschke, to Bridget Bimm.

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Col. Charles (Bud) Baker and The Ontario Jockey Club

Colonel Charles (Bud) Baker, a founding director of The Jockey Club of Canada, along with E.P. Taylor and John J. Mooney; one of the original stewards; and a former chairman of the board of trustees of the Ontario Jockey Club: "The Jockey Club of Canada has got people to look at racing across Canada: the depth of horse racing across the country. It has brought together devoted horse people from all parts of Canada."

There have been just four chief stewards of The Jockey Club of Canada since 1973: E.P. Taylor, George C. Frostad, Charles P.B. Taylor and Michael C. Byrne.

Taylor re-organized horse racing in Ontario in the 1950s under the banner of the Ontario Jockey Club. As the motive force in The Jockey Club of Canada, Taylor could speak for and represent racing in Canada: it was a higher plane. Taylor had gone from being chairman of the board of trustees of the Ontario Jockey Club to heading The Jockey Club of Canada.

‘Bud’ Baker, who had been E.P. Taylor’s choice to succeed him as chairman of the board of trustees of the Ontario Jockey Club, in 1973, was one of three people who were the founding directors of The Jockey Club of Canada, in the same year, along with Taylor and John J. Mooney, then the president of the O.J.C. Mooney resigned as a director from The Jockey Club of Canada soon after it was founded, but stayed on as a member. Taylor wanted The Jockey Club of Canada to be seen to be distanced from the Ontario Jockey Club.

The year that The Jockey Club of Canada was founded, 1973, was the year that Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, and His Royal Highness, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, were at Woodbine to watch Royal Chocolate win the Queen’s Plate Stakes. Later in the year, Penny Tweedy Chenery was at Woodbine to see her magnificent Secretariat win the Canadian International Championship Stakes. Taylor wanted the international aspect of racing to become and accepted part not only of Woodbine but of Canadian racing generally. The major international race at Woodbine continues to attract a host of very good from Europe and the United States, including winners, Dahlia, Snow Knight, Youth, Exceller, Majesty’s Prince, All Along, River Memories, Infamy, French Glory, Husband, Lassigny and Singspiel.

‘Bud’ Baker said that while The Jockey Club of Canada has had laudable and specific aims throughout the years, at its heart is the love of and respect for the horse, and its abiding interest is to promote good quality racing throughout Canada. He said that the people that havebeen invited to become members of the J.C.C. are those who have been devoted to the horse, across the country. Baker, who served as chairman of the Ontario Jockey Club from 1973 to 1992, said that the O.J.C. has been charged with being somewhat of a closed-shop club, and concedes that that could indeed be partially true; however, he intimated that the J.C.C. is one of equipoise, to use a familiar horse name, composed of people across Canada who have demonstrated a continuing passion for the horse, particularly the thoroughbred horse. Baker’s racing silks are carried as the Norcliffe Stable.

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George Carmon Frostad

George C. Frostad, who raced as Bo-Teek Farm, died in 1998. He was the J.C.C.’s chief steward from 1976 to 1989. Modest, Frostad is credited particularly with raising the profile of Canadian racing in the rest of the world, and by the same token, giving Canadian horse people entrèe to the wide world of horse racing and breeding. He developed a strong rapport with key racing people in Europe, the Americas, and elsewhere.

From a national perspective, the late Harry J. Addison Jr., who was a J.C.C. steward, was said to be particularly instrumental in bringing keen horse people into the J.C.C. fold from across Canada. ‘Bud’ Baker adds that while the J.C.C is a group composed of sociable horse people, they are people with expertise, or influence, or power.

When the J.C.C. marked a quarter century of existence, in 1998, there were 65 members from Canada and two members from the United States, Ogden Mills Phipps and George Strawbridge Jr. Six of the J.C.C. members were women. Michael C. Byrne, who operates his own Park Stud, near Orangeville, Ontario, and runs his own Canadian Breeders Sales on the Woodbine racetrack grounds, was elected the chief steward in 1995. The eight other stewards were: Robert (Bob) M. Anderson, William (Bill) Graham, Rocco Marcello, Roland (Roly) B. Roberts, Ernest (Ernie) L. Samuel and Michael Van Every, all from Ontario, Dr. Jacques Levasseur from Quebec, and Ole A. Nielsen from British Columbia.

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The Mandate

The operation of The Jockey Club of Canada has always seemed to move from the general to the specific. The Jockey Club of Canada -- Le Club Jockey du Canada was formed:

a) To promote by all lawful means improvements in the breeding, raising and racing of thoroughbred horses throughout Canada.

b) Generally to improve the quality of thoroughbred racing in Canada for the benefit of all those interested in the sport, including the general public.

c) To promote and encourage outstanding races for thoroughbred horses not only against Canadian competition but against horses bred and raised in other countries, and generally to promote Canadian thoroughbred racing both in Canada and elsewhere.

d) To maintain records of pedigrees of thoroughbred horses and such other records as may be considered desirable.

e) Generally to do such things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the foregoing objectives and the exercise of the powers of the Corporation (J.C.C.)

The J.C.C. was to operate "without pecuniary gain to its members, and any profits or other accretions to the Corporation (J.C.C.) are tbe used in promoting its objectives."

Members have to pay an initiation fee in joining the J.C.C. and an annual fee, both modest. The J.C.C. is self-sustaining financially, and is therefore of modest mien. Its office is on the grounds of Woodbine racetrack, in the north-west quadrant of metropolitan Toronto.

While The Jockey Club of Canada roster of members reflects the strength of Ontario racing, the J.C.C. is important to horse racingacross Canada. "We are hoping that thoroughbred racing will return to Quebec in the near future: the provincial government has recently enacted legislation for this to happen," said Dr. Jacques Levasseur, a J.C.C. steward from Quebec. "The Jockey Club of Canada, being a national body, can bring its weight and prestige to see a project like this come to fruition." Thoroughbred racing in Quebec ended in 1973.

Ole Nielsen, a J.C.C. steward from British Columbia, said that TheJockey Club of Canada is an important body in the firmament of Canadian racing, and does so much more for the sport/ industry than is generally perceived.

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International Body

Attending international racing conferences was considered highly desirable for representatives of the J.C.C., socially acceptable and a way of meeting the leaders of horse racing around the world. ‘Bud’ Baker attended the international racing conference that follows the Prix de l’Arc de Triomphe race in Paris, in 1973, and appreciated the discussions vis-a-vis the major international race at Woodbine: the timing of the race in relation to the dates of the top races in Europe as well as North America, the potential problems with air transportation, with quarantine, the testing of horses for disease, the benefit of an international passport for horses.

Representing the J.C.C., Michael Byrne has attended the Conference Internationale des Autorites Hippiques de Courses au Galop, in Paris, in recent years, the meeting of International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities now attracting representatives from more than 60 countries.

Byrne said that there was discussion about a series of major races throughout the world, literally a world series, and that Woodbine would undoubtedly be one of the locations. Woodbine, Toronto and Canada have become synonymous with the best in thoroughbred racing and breeding. The J.C.C. is the national organization that speaks for Canadian racing and breeding.

Mundane issues are also on the agenda of any major meetings on horse racing anywhere in the world, said Byrne. The jockeys use of the whip in horse racing is a perennial worry; vigilance against the use of prohibited substances in racing; anti-doping control; getting uniform sales cataloguing standards; beating the political undergrowth to get stakes races that are graded equitably; getting statistics that are of value and use to the racing industry and the media; veterinary problems and discussions; basic concerns that compare purse money to expenses; fostering ownership in thoroughbreds -- the bricks and mortar of a racing edifice. Through its stewards and members, and its executive director, The Jockey Club of Canada tries to be pro-active and responsive to the myriad intricacies that are woven into horse racing and breeding.

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Sovereign Awards

One major production that The Jockey Club of Canada undertakes every year is the Sovereign Awards presentation, at which the outstanding horses and people in Canadian racing are recognized and saluted. Canada’s Horse of the Year was recorded by the Daily Racing Form of Canada in 1951, and the roster of champions and outstanding participants in the sport/business in Canada was expanded over the years. The Sovereign Awards, fashioned after the Eclipse Awards in the United States, were inaugurated in 1975 with a poll of equine champions conducted by the Daily Racing Form of Canada. The Jockey Club of Canada assumed full responsibility for the poll in 1986, and the glitzy annual awards event has been refined over the years.

In 1998, the Sovereign Awards have been tailored almost exactly to the American Eclipse Awards, with 22 Sovereign Awards to be won: the champion 2-year-old filly and male; the champion 3-year-old filly and male; the champion older filly and mare and older male; the champion female and male turf horse; the champion sprinter; and Horse of the Year; outstanding broodmare, breeder, owner, trainer,jockey, apprentice jockey, newspaper article, feature story, photograph, film, video, and broadcast; and the E.P. Taylor Award of Merit, and a Special Sovereign Award.

The J.C.C. also monitors the selectors in the Sovereign Awards Poll, to ensure that the voting procedure is equitable, and seen to be fair.

The sponsors of the annual Sovereign Awards gala, and the funds from The Jockey Club of the United States, which uses the J.C.C. as a field office, help The Jockey Club of Canada exist as a potent force for the racing industry in Canada.

In an effort to be conversant with the success and failures of thoroughbred racing and breeding throughout the world, representatives of the J.C.C. have attended international conferences, developing a rapport with individuals and associations.

The J.C.C. is often focused on a specific issue: maybe a concentrated effort to attract new horse owners to thoroughbred racing; publishing a guide to buying a thoroughbred and the details of racing the animal; maybe a complete investigation of the controlled use of the diuretic, Lasix; maybe a campaign for the wholehearted support of the equine research; maybe the implementation of an international jockeys contest at a racetrack in Canada; maybe further investigation into getting uniformity of medication regulations in racing jurisdictions across North America; maybe a discussion of race sponsorship or the promotion of racing generally; maybe a suggestion for the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame; maybe a re-iteration of the generally accepted policy against artificial insemination for the thoroughbred breed; maybe a determination to investigate blood typing and verification of a horse’s sire and dam.

Reflecting on some of the minutes of The Jockey Club of Canada, one can be entertained for more than a few minutes by bits of legalese; "In these by-laws, the singular shall include the plural, and the plural the singular. The masculine shall include the feminine." The records go on to state that: "The office of steward shall be automatically vacated (a) if a steward shall resign his office by delivering a written resignation to the secretary of the club. (b) if he is found to be mentally incompetent. ( c ) if he ceases to be a member of the club. (d) on death. That the office of the steward shall be automatically vacated on his death does seem a little like flogging a dead horse.

The Jockey Club of Canada is very much alive, however, as a conduit for a Canadian to register his or her thoroughbred horse: the Canadian Stud Book is now incorporated into the American Stud Book, the registration being made by The Jockey Club in the United States.

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Horse Racing Tax Alliance

Tax, a confusing and vexing problem for the horse racing industry in Canada, has been the focus of much of the J.C.C’s attention in the past few years. The Jockey Club of Canada continues to spearhead the drive to get tax guidelines delineated by the Federal Government, and for the Government to explain the philosophy. Within the industry , it is generally believed that the Canadian tax rules regarding the owning or maintaining of racehorses in Canada are outdated and unfair, said Catherine E. Willson, a barrister and solicitor in Toronto, who has been retained to advise Canada’s newly-formed Horse Racing Tax Alliance. The current tax laws, which have been in effect for virtually 50 years, have had a restricting effect on the growth of the racing industry in Canada.

The Federal Government, through the Income Tax Act, recognizes three types of farmers in Canada: the full-time farmer, the part-time farmer, and the hobby or gentleman farmer. The full-time farmer , engaged in farming on a full-time and profitable basis, can deduct 100 percent of his or her losses against business income, like any other business. The part-time farmer, who is farming on a part-time and profitable basis can deduct expenses against other business income, to a maximum of $ 8,750, annually.

The Jockey Club of Canada was established when the subject of off-track betting in Canada was being discussed in racing jurisdictions across the country. Eventually, off-track betting was generally discounted by the people that ran horse racing in Canada, even though it had proved to be a bonanza elsewhere. Two decades later, off-track betting and other forms of wagering have been espoused by different horse racing associations across Canada, in an effort to shore up the industry, assailed as it is by other high-profile sports and by other glittering wagering opportunities. For the board of stewards of the J.C.C., the tax situation which the Federal Government is imposing on the horse racing industry in Canada is as serious to the well-being of the horse breeding and racing industry in this country as off-track betting was to it a quarter century ago.

The tax inequities in the Canadian horse racing and breeding industry came into focus during a Jockey Club of Canada drive to attract new owners into horse racing. It was suddenly apparent that owning a thoroughbred horse for racing was economically unsound. In an attempt to address the situation, the J.C.C. was instrumental in forming the Horse Racing Tax Alliance in the spring of 1998, and a sizable fund has been established. Members of the Alliance are: the Alberta Racing Corporation, the Alberta Standardbred Horse Association. the B.C. Standardbred Association, the Canadian Breeder Sales, Inc., the Canadian Standardbred and Trotting Association, the Canadian Thoroughbred Horse Society (national), the Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association of Ontario, the Horsemen’s Benevolent and Protective Association of Manitoba, the Manitoba Jockey Club, the Ontario Jockey Club, the Racetracks of Canada, Inc. and The Jockey Club of Canada.

Michael Van Every, a steward of the J.C.C. was elected chairman of the task force of the Horse Racing Tax Alliance. He is a partner in PricewaterhouseCoopers, chartered accountants, working from an office in North York, Ontario.

Van Every said that the Federal Government’s tax setup on the horse racing industry in Canada is so patently unfair that he is optimistic that changes will be forthcoming. For example, he pointed out that the allowable tax loss for part-time farmers with horses in 1972 was $5,000, whereas it is now $8,750: an increase that hasn’t even kept pace with inflation. Tax penalties simply deter people from entering the Canadian horse racing industry which is counted in the billions of dollars by the Federal Government itself.

"The horse racing industry and its offshoots employs probably 150,000 people Canada-wide," said the J.C.C.’s chief steward, Michael Byrne, suggesting that it should not continue to be shackled by what he called "archaic tax rules: rules that haven’t changed in decades."

The racing and breeding of racehorses in Canada, could indeed be seen to be in its infancy, despite its long history and the fact that wagering on horse racing is more than $1-billion a year, and that there is already a world-wide market for Canadian-bred horses.

Ms. Willson said that the Canadian Government should undoubtedly be enthusiastic in fostering an industry that provides employment for so many Canadians and has so much potential for growth. The taxation on horse racing and breeding in Canada should be made explicit, and equitable , to provide incentives for more people to become involved in the industry. To have the industry prosper, the antiquated system of taxing the horse racing industry in Canada has to be revised.

A close association between the horse racing industry in Canada and the Federal Government is imperative, so that the tax rules and regulations governing the industry can be updated to be eminently fair and to encourage the growth of this long established industry. One is aware that the Queen’s Plate Stakes, now run at the Woodbine racetrack in metropolitan Toronto, is the oldest annual stakes race on the continent, having been run first in 1860. Horse racing has distinguished heritage in Canada, and has to be fostered by the different levels of government in this country.

The Jockey Club of Canada has been one of the sentinels of Canadian horse racing for a quarter of a century, and will be a force for the well-being of the industry into the next millennium.

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Roster

People that have served The Jockey Club of Canada well in the past include: Edward Plunket Taylor, John J. Mooney, George C. Frostad, Colonel Charles (Bud) Baker, Charles P.B. Taylor, Donald G. (Bud) Willmot, Harry J. Addison Jr., George C. Hendrie, J.E. Frowde Seagram, Douglas Banks, Charles F.W. Burns, John A. (Bud) McDougald, Frank M. McMahon, Frank H. Sherman, Conn Smythe, J.H. Stafford, Jean-Louis Levesque, Arthur W. Stollery, Arthur B. Christopher, Sydney J. (Jim) Langill, Harry J. Carmichael, George R. Gardiner, The Right Honourable Viscount Hardinge, Brigadier General W. Preston Gilbride, Harry Hindmarsh, Warren Beasley, D.A. McIntosh, W.H. Sprague, C.B. Van Straubenzee, Thomas P. Campbell, Austin G.E. Taylor, E.N. Connor, Ward C. Pitfield, Aubrey W. Minshall, Jack Brunton, David Kinnear, Bory Margolus, Pierre Robillard, Bahnam K. Yousif, J.B.W. Carmichael, Jim Sabiston, J.W. Wright, W.M. Hatch, J.W. Smallwood, Richard R. Kennedy, Fred W. Hill, Donald J. Buchanan, and former executive secretaries/ directors, Donald W. Valliere, Nigel P.H. Wallace and Gary Loschke.

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